Brca1 And Brca2 Factors That Affect The Risk Of Breast...

The second similarity is that both BRCA1 and BRCA2 bind to Rad5 protein that is involved in maintain the integrity of the genome (Kinzler et al, 1997). A mutation in the AT, or ATM, gene on chromosome 11 also is associated with breast cancer, and it may be much more common in the general population than BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Seven percent of familial breast cancer may be associated with the AT gene mutation (Radford and Zehnbauer, 1996, cited in McCain, 1997). It is not known whether the AT mutation increases the risk of breast cancer for men. Ataxia teleangiectasia is an autosomal recessive neurologic syndrome. The cancer incidence among those people who inherit two copies of the AT mutation, and who are affected by Ataxia teleangiectasia syndrome, is 100 times greater that the general population. Women who have inherited one copy of the mutation (approximately 1.4% of the general population) may be more susceptible to breast cancer. Women with mutations in the p53 gene also may be at increased risk of developing breast cancer. However, mutations of the p53 gene are rare, affecting an estimated 1 in 10,000 individuals (Athma et al., 1996 cited in McCain, 1997). Mutations in HRAS1, the Cowden disease gene, p65, and TSG101 may also confer a higher risk of developing breast cancer (Easton et al., 1993; Krontiris et al., 1993; Greene, 1997 cited in McCain, 1997). BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and breast cancer seem to be distributed among a variety of populations.Show MoreRelatedBreast Cancer- Leading Cause of Death1436 Words   |  6 Pages Breast cancer continues to be the leading cause of death for middle aged women. In the past year, there were over 194,000 new cases of breast cancer in the U.S., approximately 20% of which did not access treatment in time despite the availability of educational resources. Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in a female or male’s breast cells. Though the condition is not gender specific, it is most prevalent in middle aged to older women. It’s malignant foundation causes it to also conquerRead More Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 Essay2987 Words   |  12 PagesBreast cancer is the most common cancer that affects women in the United States. There are at least two majors genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) that when they mutate can cause breast cancer. These genes can be pass ed from parent to child, increasing the risk of developing cancer in those child that have parent carrying these genes. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are located on chromosome 17 and chromosome 13 respectively. There is a 90% chance of developing breast cancer for a woman that has these mutated genes. InRead MoreTaking a Look at Breast Cancer1758 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death among females in the world. It is known for â€Å"have both a genetic and non-genetic etiology† (Milne et al., 2010). It involves a combination of several factors- such as â€Å"genetic, environmental and behavioral risk factors†- that are unique to each individual (Nickels et al., 2013). This type of cancer is represented by a malignant tumor manifested in breast cells such as the line duct and line lobules cells, just to name a fewRead MoreThe Complicated Biology of Breast Cancer977 Words   |  4 PagesAfter hearing your concerns about breast cancer, I decided to use my knowledge and research to guide you through the more complicated biological side of breast cancer. Within this letter I hope to better your understanding of cancer, especially breast cancer. Its the causes, pros and cons of genetic testing, and my recommendations for you and your daughters. I will also discuss the controversial decision of actress Angelina Jolie. Cancer is a term used to describe diseases that include abnormalRead MoreBrca Mutation Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagesamplification: In breast cancer, the tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 germlin mutation is greatly present in women, it’s about 5% to 10% of all breast cancers. These genes normally involved in major cellular functions include double-strand break repair, checkpoint control, transcription regulation, and chromatin remodeling, and its inactivation may lead to spontaneous abnormalities in DNA, this might promote neoplastic development. Mutations of some genes (ATM and CHEK2) also affect BRCA pathwaysRead More72 New Gene Mutation Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic Mutations Linked to Hereditary Breast Cancer According to the National Cancer Institute, invasive breast cancer affects approximately 1 in 8 U.S. women, and about 5% to 10% of all breast cancers are hereditary. At present, most people are familiar with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, which are inherited gene mutations—or abnormalities in the DNA sequencing—that increase the risk of developing breast cancer. According to statistics from the National Cancer Institute, by age 70, 55% to 65% ofRead MoreBreast Cancer : A Form Of Cancer1373 Words   |  6 Pagesaddressing breast cancer. Breast cancer is a form of cancer that affects the cells of the breast. This happens when cells in the breast grow abnormally. It can spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes. This cancer can affect bones, liver, and even your brain. All women and men are at risk for breast cancer. It can affect people of every age, race, and ethnic group. Between the ages of 40 and 50, African American women have a higher chance of receiving breast cancer. The ultimate impact of breast cancerRead MoreNutrition, Exercise and Cancer Prevention Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans will be diagnosed with cancer this year, and some 560,000 will die from the disease† (Exercise and Malignancy 5). Many individuals and families have fought the battle of cancer for a number of years. There is not yet a perfect cure for th is number one deadliest disease, and it is unknown how long it will take to find one. While many risk factors of developing cancer cannot be changed such as genetics, environmental carcinogens (substances that cause cancer), or a certain number of hormonesRead MoreBreast Cancer : A Genetic Disorder1876 Words   |  8 Pages INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is a genetic disorder occurs in breast cells because of irregularities in cell growth and division. It mostly occurs due to modifications of regulatory genes known as oncogene and tumor suppressor genes [1].Around 180,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in United States and 40,000 people die each year [2]. Approximately 50% of hereditary breast cancer cases reported are related to error in repair mechanisms due to loss of BRCA1 AND BRCA2 genes. It is importantRead MoreA Study On Breast Cancer2075 Words   |  9 PagesBreast cancer is a disease that starts when an abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth occurs in the tissues of the breast. In a healthy body, cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly way, but once a damage or a mutation happens in the genetic material of the cell (which is found in the DNA) it results in cells that do not die. They continue to grow and divide uncontrollably and form abnormal cells that the body does not need. They can also metastasize, w hich means they invade other tissues through the

Philosophy Of Religion Assignment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 414 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Saint Augustine addresses three theological problems which he has to deal with and provide solutions so that the remaining mankind do not have to deal with. The three problems are metaphysical, ethical and one directly theological. He later discusses the solutions to each. Therefore, this paper will focus on the three problems, the solution and the evaluation of the solutions to see if it has really solved the problems. The first problem Saint Augustine addresses is metaphysical problems of ethics. He wonders why evil is present in the world with an ever present and all powerful God as presented by the Greek philosopher, Epicurus. Saint Augustine provides a solution to this by saying God is perfectly good and everything that comes from him. Therefore, anything that is evil does not come from God and thus lacks goodness. I therefore agree with Saint Augustine as from his argument anything that lacks goodness is evil like the wounds in an individual; they are evil but once treated they cease to be evil and flesh which god created is good as the way god created. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Philosophy Of Religion Assignment" essay for you Create order The second problem Saint Augustine addresses is ethical. He is questioning the fact that God is not only all powerful and can stop mankind from doing what is evil but He does not but He also is free to decide but still wills for evil. He provides the solution by arguing that God is in a position to stop mankind from doing evil but does not because he has given mankind the freewill. Whatever mankind chooses God wills that is why he cannot stop mankind from doing evil. He further states that mankind fails to understand the wisdom of God but with faith they can clearly see his ways. Free will has been given to each and every one of us by the omniscient God. I agree that mankind is in a position to choose either to do good or evil. Saint Augustine lastly tackles the traditional paradox of mankind lacking the free will since God know what will happen prior to what happens and clearly states that God having prior knowledge of what should happen does not necessarily mean that it will happen. He states that man’s will is the cause of his actions. Therefore, his will determines the actions and thus the events that are foreknown by God. I fully agree with him due to the distinction he places between the knowledge of a cause and the cause itself.

The ARES Decision Free Essays

The Area’s project idea aroused with the purpose to solve BAN current problems. These problems included a significant amount of resource waste and lack of coordination among departments. For instance, dispatchers who were responsible for 20-30 trains in their assigned territory most of the times were able to only focus on 5-7 trains, treating the rest of the trains with less attention. We will write a custom essay sample on The ARES Decision or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, dispatchers were on their own and there was no cooperation among them since they could only see information about their territory and not others. For dispatchers, there was no way to see the whole stricture of the current situation, so poor decisions about scheduled maintenance-of-way (MOW) crews were being made. Communications with trains and MOW vehicles was poor, current information about railroad operations were difficult to obtain and sometimes the information was erroneous. Certainly, ARES will improve operations in BAN but the top management specifically the CEO of BAN and top management is not completely convinced to carry out the project. ARES is a very large and costly project and they need to be sure that the benefits are realistic. Moreover, they want to make sure that BAN will obtain a return after investing $350 lions on the project and also there is the question on whether the investment could turn out to be more. Another issue is related with the organizational structure according with the chief operating officer the new technology alone will not benefit the company but the restructuring of the entire company and many operations as well (Cash, p. 25). For all those reasons they want to consider other cheaper alternatives before making this important decision. Industry Competitive Analysis -? Porters Five forces Treat of new Entrants: Given that the railroad industry requires a heavy initial investment the treat of new entrants is low. However, effects of deregulation on both the trucking and railroad industries were changing the competitive environment in transportation (Cash, p. 62). Trucking companies needed a lower initial investment to enter and they Were gaining advantage Over railroad companies since they were providing door-to-door delivery service which was being preferred by customers in order to meet the just-in-time production. Treat of Substitutes products: For BAN its largest source of revenue was coal (Cash, p. 62), and its major competitor was the Union Pacific UP), which was another railroad company that had recently invested in a new technology. Heehaw commodities like coal and grain would normally be transported by train which put BAN in a position where it was difficult for customer to switch but when it comes to transport light products trucks were moving ahead by providing faster service that customers were willing to pay. Bargaining power of Buyers: The railroad industry had a few companies providing the service to the customers, but it was facing two major challenges which were better service and capital intensity (Cash, p. 68). This was making the trucking industry stronger since customers were looking for a faster service and they were able to provide it. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Farmers and other big corporations were Ban’s suppliers. For suppliers providing light products like agricultural and food products they had the alternative to switch to the trucking companies, but for the ones providing yeah. Products like coal and automotive products they didn’t have to much bargaining power since railroad companies were the best way for transporting these. Industry Rivalry: The number one competitor is the Union Pacific (LCP) and they were also investing to be more efficient (Cash, p. 4). Certainly, the trucking industry was becoming a strong competitor for BAN as well, since the cos ts in the trucking industry were going down due to the effects of deregulation and they were providing more flexibility for customers. Generic Strategy BAN currently is following the cost leadership strategy by using economies of scale to transport high volumes of commodities to its customers. Coal was the number one source of revenue and BAN had long term contract customers (Cash, p. 4). The second largest source of revenue was agricultural modesties and BAN was expecting to grow in this segment given recent changes in economic policies in Eastern Europe. To satisfy the expected increase in demand for this type of products BAN will need to become even more efficient to keep its cost leadership strategy, maintain its current customers and gain potential new customers in the future. Organizational Structure Burlington Northern is structured in a functional form, where similar knowledge, tasks and skills are being grouped together. This is because the functional form promotes economies of scale (Cash, p. 35). For instance chapters are in charge of controlled the trains and each of them were assigned to a region and they Were only responsible for that region. They also schedule maintenance with the MOW crews. Other operations were divided by function as well, such as control systems and communications, maintenance, and freight car management and each of these departments were reporting to the operations manager assigned to that department. The idea behind this form is to create a rational system to operate in as efficient as possible (Morgan, p. 22). However, the question was whether after implementing ARES this form would still be suitable; the new system might suggest an organizational structural change. Stakeholders Top management: This group has the responsibility of keeping the company running, which means that the BAN must continue making profit in order to maximize the company’s value. F-or this reason they have to make sure that an investment of this magnitude is justifiable and that in the long run will provide the identified benefits. Employees: This group will be affected directly by the ARES project, the whole business process is going to change and they ill have to adapt to the new system. The advantage is that this new system promise to be more efficient and safe which can make their jobs easier but on the other hand some people might lose their job or since ARES is supposed to automate a lot of processes currently being made by them. Customers: ARES is going to improve the scheduling of trains which ultimately will provide a faster and more reliable service to its customers. However, in order to still be profitable after ARES implementation, BAN might increase the price for the service and customers which will affect customers. Solutions: One solution for BAN could be to implement the entire ARES system in a geographic region first. With this solution the top management could analyze the benefits in reality before doing a whole implementation of the system which is riskier. Another solution could be to not do any implementation for now and wait and see how other railroad companies adapt to new emerging technologies, by doing this BAN would take an adapter position which would still keep them competitive regarding technological development but with less risk. Adaptive companies use information technology at a level close to their competitors (Friedman, p. 72). But this solution affects the customers that are demanding faster delivery necessary for the recent trend of KIT manufacturing who might end up switching to trucking companies, which ultimately affects BAN because by the time they finally implement a system to improve the delivery to customers, they will have lost a lot of potential customers. The best solution and recommendation for BAN is to do a whole implementation of ARES despite its high cost. Without a question, the environment is changing and BAN must adapt and stop using old technology if they want to continue being in business. BAN is a very large company that eels with complex business processes everyday thus in order for them to survive and keep growing they should be aggressive and be the leader in the industry having the most advanced technology. ARES will automate a lot of processes in a more efficient Way minimizing human errors which ultimately will reduce labor cost by eliminating unnecessary manpower. ARES will also improve the scheduling of trains which will eradicate the meet and passes problem one of Ban’s biggest challenge. Clearly, the poor utilization of Ban’s assets (bad scheduling and waste of resources) is creating bottlenecks which s preventing them from making more profit and meet the market demand. One important message revealed in the book ‘The Goal† is that companies should balance the flow with the demand from the market (Goldwater, p. 139). The demand is growing national and is expected to grow more even in the international arena in the future. ARES will optimize the whole system of BAN which in the long run will generate high revenues because they will be able to meet the market demand. However, the implementation Of ARES will affect the entire company and operations and many organization changes will be required. Companies in order to survive must embrace change and successful adaptation of organization to environment depends on the ability of top management to interpret conditions facing the firm in an appropriate manner to adapt relevant course of action. Morgan, p. 47). In order to take advantage of all ARES features and benefits BAN they should also switch to use a matrix organizational structure. The fully developed matrix is team driven, in that priority is given to business, program, product, or project areas, with functional specialist providing support, where the focus is on end product or revere encouraging a flexible, innovative, and adaptive behavior (Morgan, p. 51 Matrix organizational structure is the best c hoice for a growing and complex company like BAN. How to cite The ARES Decision, Papers

Business Ethics and Sustainability Ethical Reflection

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Ethics and Sustainabilityfor Ethical Reflection. Answer: Introduction The paper capitalizes on the concept of reflection and its implication on the self-analysis of ethical practices on and off campus. By definition, ethical reflection means cultivation of respect for the concerns of others. It has been hailed as a significant facet of character education and assists in molding the behavior of the students (Www.ethicsed.org 2016). The concept of ethical reflection serves as the bedrock for the assignment and analyses the campus cases through its prism. In the section, the assignment selects two of the specific cases (conducted on campus) and another two (directed to the online students). In the next segment, the paper chooses and discusses five ethical diagnostic tools related to issues such as classroom bullying, discrimination, academic fraud and campus violence. The main thrust of the assignment is to identify five ethical diagnostic tools such as righteousness, persistence, transparency, strong work ethic and self-advocacy (Chretien and Kind 2013). These five ethical diagnostic tools help the students to reflect on their mistakes that they hitherto had committed on and off campus. In the last section, the paper explains the significance of the findings in relation to the case. At the same time, the assignment includes a brief statement about how the content of the course has developed excellent insights into ethical practice as a future manager and leader. Selection of Two Campus and Online Cases The campus witnesses various unethical cases such as academic fraud, discrimination, classroom bullying, campus violence (mainly political protest and sloganeering) and sexual harassment. These unethical issues spawn pandemonium on and off campus. The assignment selects two such unethical cases, for an instance academic fraud (both campus and online students) and campus violence (on campus) and identity theft (directed to online students). Academic Fraud (Both on Campus and Online Students) The comprehensive studies underscore the case of ethics in the sphere of academics. Over the last fifty years, the studies on moral behavior emphasizes the fact that the abhorrent students category means that these pupils involuntarily departed from the particular standard. Bowers study conducted over 5000 students in 99 higher learning institutions, claimed that three out of four students have confessed their academic fraud, such as plagiarism, cheating during examinations, giving false statements to their teachers (Altbach 2015). McCabe and Trevino deliberated research on a batch of 6000 students in 31 academic campuses. The findings of these scholars are similar to that Bowers study. Such studies testify to the fact of the higher percentage of academic dishonesty (Gruber 2014). Scores of students (both campus and online students) perpetrate unethical issues. Academic fraud is one such case that has a bad influence on the pupils of the universities. Campus Violence (on Campus Students) Campus violence is one of the significant issues that create consternation on the college/university campuses. The recurrent protest movement and political sloganeering form the facets of the campus violence (Whitaker and Pollard 2014). Student activism forms a part of the campus violence that engender socio-political milieu within the campus. Students participate in a wide array of political movements centering the current national and International events (Van Brunt 2012). Many students concentrate on issues that encompass the precepts of national and international leaders. The stellar figures like Fidel Castro and Che Ernesto Guevara have set a quintessential mark in the domain of politics. Politics is a leviathan force (Thomas Hobbes) and the application of politics in the colleges/universities can gravely influence the character of moral education. Therefore, it is indispensable to curb the exploitative nature of campus protest movement. Identity Theft (Online Students) Identity theft is one of the significant problems conducted by the students (mainly online pupils), in the hope of gaining certificates from the premier institutions. They conceal their information (inferior performance in the previous class) and seek advantages from the virtual facility. Due to the absence of authorities, the online students commit various mistakes such as concealing identity, information and many more (Marnell and Levy 2014). At the same time, the online students commit the academic fraud of plagiarism, buying the assignments from other sources. These kinds of unethical issues are detrimental to the growth and prosperity of the career of the students. Selection of Five Ethical Diagnostic Tools In the section, the assignment selects five ethical diagnostic tools such as righteousness, persistence, transparency, strong work ethic and self-advocacy. With the help of these five ethical diagnostic tools, the assignment explores and analyzes the assumptions and approaches in relation to the cases. In the last segment, the paper explains the changing position due to the diagnostic test result. In various educational institutions, unethical issues are very much in vogue. Let us consider the case of a higher institution of Australia that has witnessed various unethical issues such as discrimination, classroom bullying or hyper-ragging, academic fraud and passing on misleading information (particularly conducted by online students). Out of these issues, the cases of academic fraud and campus violence assume the character of campus-oriented unethical issues. Again, identity theft and academic fraud (mainly plagiarism) are the cases of online students. Case Analysis with the Help of Ethical Diagnostic Tool Place of Occurrence: Canberra University, Australia The case delineates that out of 2500 students in a class, 30 students engage in various unethical issues. Out of them, let me take into account two important unethical issues such as academic fraud and campus violence. The riddling question is how you would restrain yourself from conducting such unethical issues. With the help of the ethical diagnostic tools, you can control the perilous nature. The selected ethical codes are righteousness, persistence, transparency, strong work ethic and self-advocacy. Let us take the first case, academic fraud conducted by the students (campus-oriented and online students) at a premier Australian University. Academic fraud is an instance of serious academic crime (Heyneman 2014). At the Canberra University, the example of academic fraud creates a negative influence on students like me, who could hardly focus on education. During the time of examination, pupils like others and me always take the advantage of the malpractices such as accumulation of cheat papers, chicanery and others. If the teachers ask me to prepare an article at home, then I either plagiarize from sources or order assignment from private tutors. Due to the malpractice, my career is at stake. To my belief, it is essential to get over the mistake at the soonest. With the help of the tools such as persistence, self-advocacy and strong work ethic, one can ease the problem of academic fraud. Persistence is a significant ethical diagnostic tool that helps the students to become perseverant and motivates them to increase their concentration power. If you develop the trait, then the incessant academic mishap such as plagiarism, cheating during examinations hardly occur (Andress and Winterfeld 2013). The next tool is self-advocacy that is an essential one. If you are a self-advocating student, then you can build an ability to complete the graduate school program. A self-advocating student questions his/her abilities, forms a liaison with professors and takes regular class notes. With the help of the particular tool, one can change their indifferent attitude towards education and examinations (Chapman and Tilley 2013). The tool strong work ethic explains that several successful students during the graduate level want to work assiduously. They should browse through the select readings and deliberate a thorough research on every subject. It is their responsibility to maintain a routine for the preparation and practice sample test papers. The preparation is time-consuming and energy-driven. In order to maximize the test scores and education level, the students should focus on the set syllabus (Quinn 2014). The next case, Campus Violence sets another example of unethical behavior on the campus. At the Canberra University, many students engage in various kinds of protest movements such as student election movement, proceedings against rape culture and others. These variants of Campus demonstrations assume a negative hue and withstand the worst of university tragedy. At the Canberra University, many of my friends participate actively in students election movements during the fall of 2015. They created ruckus on the campus and engage in quixotic sloganeering. Before delving deep into the matter, it is important to understand the problem through an ethical code of righteousness. Righteousness is a significant ethical tool that makes the pupils reticent and honest (Mruthyunjaya 2013). The next case, identity theft (related to online students) is a crucial example that creates a problematic situation. At the Canberra University, many pupils participate in distance learning program (MBA and MCA). The students have the tendency to conceal authentic information and pass on misleading data, as far as their identity, age and marks are concerned. With the help of the ethical codes of transparency and righteousness, one can get over the problem and make them aligned to the fair behavior. After the ethical diagnostic test result, several students like me witness changes in the attitude towards education. The students inculcate the ethical codes such as transparency, strong work ethic culture and many more that help them to prosper as a strong leader in the managerial circles. Conclusion The assignment explicates and analyzes two of the specific cases (conducted on campus) and by the online students through the lens of ethical reflective study. The paper selects two unethical issues (academic fraud and campus violence) that occurred at a particular university (Canberra University, Australia). A study is conducted on 1500 students of the particular university. With the help of the diagnostic tool samples, the paper elucidates how one can deal with the issues in the real life. The paper also mentions unethical issues, as far as the online students are concerned. With the help of ethical sampling tools, the issues are explored properly. At the same time, the paper reflects on the changing perspective of the students after the diagnostic test result. Reference Altbach, P., 2015. Academic corruption: The continuing challenge. International Higher Education, (38). Andress, J. and Winterfeld, S., 2013. Cyber warfare: techniques, tactics and tools for security practitioners. Elsevier. Chapman, R. and Tilley, L., 2013. Exploring the ethical underpinnings of self-advocacy support for intellectually disabled adults. Ethics and Social Welfare, 7(3). Chretien, K.C. and Kind, T., 2013. Social media and clinical care ethical, professional, and social implications. Circulation, 127(13). Gruber, T., 2014. Academic sell-out: how an obsession with metrics and rankings is damaging academia. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 24(2). Heyneman, S.P., 2014. How Corruption Puts Higher Education at Risk. International Higher Education, (75). Marnell, J.W. and Levy, Y., 2014. Towards a Model of Factors Affecting Resistance to Using Multi-Method Authentication Systems in Higher-Education Environments. Information Security Education Journal, 1(1). Mruthyunjaya, H.C., 2013. Business Ethics and Value Systems. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Quinn, M.J., 2014. Ethics for the information age. Pearson. Van Brunt, B., 2012. Ending campus violence: New approaches to prevention. Routledge. Whitaker, L. and Pollard, J., 2014. Campus violence: Kinds, causes, and cures. Routledge. Www.ethicsed.org 2016.